Contents and Abstract

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No. 1(55)/2025

The Troubled Middle East

Akhmedov V. M. The Collapse of the al-Assad Regime and the Syrian Perspective: Regional and International Dimensions (pp. 3–29).

This article examines how the overthrow of Al-Assad regime affected political dynamics in Syria and international developments in the Middle East. The analysis of factors that created a favorable environment for the military opposition’s offensive is presented. The main stages of military uprising are analyzed in light of key actor’s battle activities. The factors of military opposition advances are analyzed in light of new political attitudes of key international actors in the Syrian crisis. Specific aspects of a new political system during the transitional stage and interim government measures to resolve political issues are studied. Main attention is paid to security issues, constitutional and state developments, social and economic reconstruction regarding new administration policies aimed at securing its power and safeguarding Syrian sovereignty and territorial integrity. The key regional and global players’ policies in Syria and the nature of relations with the new administration are presented. The author concludes that the fall of Al-Assad marked a new phase in the Syrian conflict and affected critical factors in determining future regional developments by increasing the possibility of new international conflicts and territorial splits in the Middle East.

Keywords: Syria, Al-Assad, uprising, opposition, Middle East.

History and Contemporary Processes

Grinin A. L. Historical Types and a Brief History of the International/World Order. The Establishment of the Modern American World Order (pp. 30–57).

The article analyzes available approaches to the typology of historical types of the international/world order – toponymic and polar – showing their advantages and disadvantages. Based on this, the author proposes a typology of historical types of the international/world order that combines both approaches. He identifies eleven historical types, including the type (phase) of the post-American world order, that is proposed. The author describes each type, and, on this basis, outlines a brief history of the world order, the struggle for it and change up to the present. Important observations have been made that can be useful for analyzing the current state and anticipating future transformations. In particular, on the one hand, it is shown that during the transition from one type to another, there occurs a break in gradualness, usually accompanied by a severe period of destabilization. However, on the other hand, the development of these types is cumulative. This means that successful institutions and legal provisions proven by life and history are preserved in the new order. The principle of developing new institutions/imperatives has been also formulated. So in the course of development of each historical type of world order, new forms and institutions are formed and developed, which became important or leading in the next type. The following conclusions have been drawn from the general analysis: 1) regarding the uniqueness of the modern American order; 2) about its inevitable change; 3) in the process of transition to a new world order, it is important to preserve all the best and working from the present and immediate past. Therefore, it is necessary to talk about building a new society based on critical understanding of previous epoch and taking into account their best achievements (including socialism, capitalism, etc.).

Keywords: types of world order, pole typology, Pax Americana, ‘European concert’, Westphalian system, Weimar system, bipolar system, revolutions, change of world order.

Askerov M.-A. I. A New Page of Sunni Islamic Education in Azerbaijan: The Case of Ahlu Sunna Walja’ma’a (pp. 58–72).

The article analyzes the development of Sunni Islamic education in the Republic of Azerbaijan. As a result of the research conducted using qualitative content analysis and expert interviews, the main trends in providing Islamic education among the Sunni community in Azerbaijan were identified. The particular significance of online education and the role of new educational initiatives in translating religious literature into Azerbaijani language has been demonstrated.

Keywords: Islamic education, Sunnism, Shiism, Azerbaijan, religious policy, religion in Azerbaijan.

Anton I. Kogan. On the Two Strategies of Ethno-Landscape Adaptation in Eastern Hindu Kush (pp. 73–96).

The Eastern Hindu Kush is one of the most ethnically diverse areas of Eurasia. Peoples inhabiting it are often considered to belong to a single ethno-cultural unity. However, strong arguments in favor of this viewpoint have not been yet presented. This paper attempts to view the ethnic diversity of the region through the lens of socio-natural history. The author analyses the strategies of ethno-landscape interaction which are peculiar to different ethnic communities of the Hindu Kush, in their close relationship with traditional worldviews and value systems. Based on the results of the study, it seems that there are not one but two super-ethnic entities in this area, one of them encompasses the ethnic groups of Nuristan, while the other includes the populations of Chitral and Hunza, as well as those of the western and southern Pamirs and Karakorum.

Kewords: the Pamir-Hindu Kush region, Nuristan, highland peoples, socio-natural history, ethno-landscape interaction, value systems.

The formation of a New World Order

Khodunov A. S. Iran’s Participation in Eurasian Integration Projects as an Important Aspect of the Country’s Foreign Policy in the Context of the Formation of a New World Order (pp. 97–131).

Currently, there is an intensive reformatting of the world order, accompanied by a transition to a multipolar world, in which the West is becoming just one of the centers of power. Within the context of the global rift, the role of large regional countries such as Iran has been significantly increasing. This article examines Iran's policy of intensifying its cooperation with non-Western international organizations that are involved in shaping the multipolar world. During the period under review, Iran began to intensify political and economic cooperation, first with the SCO, and then with the EAEU and the BRICS, which was supported by its allies, primarily Russia and China. As a result, Iran has achieved membership in the SCO and BRICS and close trade and economic cooperation with EAEU. In this way, Iran seeks to weaken the negative impact of Western sanctions and attract the necessary investments, and continue to pursue an independent policy. Iran's accession to these organizations is taking place in the context of the intensifying Iranian-Israeli confrontation as the struggle between the two most striking “poles” in the Middle East.

Keywords: Iran, new world order, multipolar world, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Union, BRICS, Russia, USA, Israel, Hezbollah.

Contents and Abstracts (pp. 132–134)